Monday, April 30, 2012

Lunch with the World- Day 1


I recently accepted a position to teach a class of low-beginning refugees for a refugee resettlement agency in partnership with a local community college in suburban Maryland. The class is held in a library not far from the complex where most, (if not all) the refugees live. The class meets Monday, Wednesday, Friday from 10am to 1pm.

The meeting room where the class takes place is a public space in a library. The library maintains that the room must be left essentially untouched or empty; save tables, chairs, and trash can. This means teachers and students can not leave anything on the walls. The room is therefore quite sterile. There is, however, a sizable window which provides the room with sufficient natural light, off-setting the cold institutional atmosphere.

Resources and materials may be kept in a side closet which is full of roll-y carts, a desk podium, stacks of paper, fans, and other discarded library items. The teacher(s) may use two of the shelves closest to the door, next to a lumpy cardboard box full of ratty and love-stained toys. On the shelf, there are piles of books and workbooks for in-class use, although I'm doubtful that all my students can use them. There is a large tupperware bin full of paper and flashcards that needs to be organized. There is an old plastic pen box labeled, “dry erase” that is empty and the hinges have come undone. There are some dull number twos, smudged gray. And there is a CD-radio. This looks fine.

I scrounge for some paper and uncover a packet of construction paper. Some of it has clearly been used to occupy children of the students; there are thick marker lines written with an unsteady hand littering the back sides of several of the papers. I have the students fold the paper to make name tags that can be propped up on the conference- style table we are sitting around . On one side they write their names. On the other side they draw or write three things they enjoy. Then the students share the information with the class:

Student: My name is Tim*. I like to read. I like English. I like to cook
Teacher: What's his name?
Students: His name is Tim.
Teacher: What does he like?
Students: He likes to read. He likes English. He likes to cook


This activity takes up a rather long time with several errors, indicating the students' low proficiency.

We go over the date and the confusing order of things in the US (month, day, year - april 30th 2012- 4/30/2012, instead of day, month, year 30/4/12). The student laugh as if to agree that America is indeed a strange, strange place.

Then we move on to another speaking activity. As a primer, we review the vocabulary, which are verbs, that have explanatory pictures. “sell” is one of the words. The students explain the difference between, “buy” and “sell”. I role-play selling a pen to one student. I joke by pretending to bargain with him. The students laugh. I ask them if it is ok to bargain in the US. Some think about it. Some students add that it's not ok at the grocery store. Another student remembers the phrase, “fixed price.”


The students practice a dialogue on the next page.

Now it's break time, I'm informed by a student. This was the time the other teacher always did it. Then, two students have to leave for work. Another student has forgotten her glasses so maybe she should go home now. Another student would like to go home with her preschooler, who has been incredibly patient, silently drawing as his mother sits in class. Also, a couple in the class has an appointment with a case manager. Then, a man comes in. He rather urgently shows me a government notification. It says that failure to come to such and such appointment (that happened two weeks ago) would result in a termination some kind of temporary financial assistance. He shows me the envelop that has a yellow label on it that indicates that it was initially sent to the wrong address. He just received it last week. He leaves with his wife, who is in the class. The lady without the glasses (although she may not be able to read with them) tells me that she was essentially orphaned or abandoned as a child with “no one to take care of me” so she didn't go to school, but she wants to learn now.

An hour left of class, I sit down with the two students left. It is apparent that one has trouble writing full sentences but he can still communicate the time of day and basic vocabulary for routine ( wake up, eat breakfast, etc). The other student has trouble reading the time and copying basic words.

One thing becomes apparent: These students, especially unemployed and stuck in Maryland suburbia, spend a lot of time watching TV.

We end early. They are tired from all that English work. There is so much more to come, so much more to come.






*pseudonym

Wednesday, April 25, 2012

Linguistics in the News- Why Learn Another Language?

The reasons are numerous and backed by scads of research. The American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages highlights several of these reasons and studies.  In summary, students of foreign or additional languages perform better in school, have increased cognitive abilities, and develop positive attitudes towards others.

There has long been a senseless debate in the Unites States about bilingual versus English-only policies*. From a linguistic, educational, and developmental standpoint, monolingualism only shortchanges students.

The public media seem to be recognizing this fact.

Last month, the New York Times published an article about The Benefits of Bilingualism. The article details the cognitive advantages of speaking another language listing improved problem-solving skills,  increased ability to manage multiple tasks, heightened spatial awareness, and delayed onset of dementia.

Today, http://arstechnica.com/ published an article about how Thinking in foreign language makes decisions more rational. The article explains how several studies demonstrate that when choices were presented in a foreign language, participants were less likely to let irrational emotions interfere. Those observed ended up deliberating more with an outcome of overall better decisions.  To sum, "The researchers believe a second language provides a useful cognitive distance from automatic processes, promoting analytical thought and reducing unthinking, emotional reaction."

The data assures it: go ahead and start learning today.




                                                                View larger image here




*I'd like to note that English-only policies outside of the educational context a) violate Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (according to the Supreme Court, language-based discrimination equates with national origin discrimination) and b) erroneously assumes that immigrants are unwilling to learn English. According to this policy brief, only 5% of adult immigrants in the US do not speak English or do not speak English well meaning that over 95% of adult immigrants in the US speak English to some degree ranging from some to very well.



Wednesday, April 18, 2012

Linguistics In The News- What Makes A Movie Quote Memorable?


"The memorable lines use a combination of the present tense, general syntax, and indefinite articles"
You can hear about or read about the whole story here on NPR's show, All Things Considered.

Student Perspectives- That's not an emergency.

In my evening class, we have begun to discuss tenants' right and responsibilities. The students read a letter  supposedly written to tenants from an imaginary apartment complex. The exercise was from Side by Side Plus Book 3. In the letter, management requests that tenants fill out a maintenance request form for "routine maintenance" and only call the maintenance number for urgent situations.  One of the comprehension questions read as follows:

4. Which of the following situations should a tenant NOT call (310) 555-2135?

a) There are cockroaches in the apartment.
b) The garbage disposal is broken.
c) There is no hot water.
d) The faucet is leaky.

There was some confusion and disagreement about this.  First of all, a colorful discussion about pest control issues arose. Everyone seemed to be able to commiserate, some incredulously; "This is the city life in America". The most interesting hypothesis offered was a conspiracy theory regarding exterminators. Several students agreed that cockroaches' ability to survive and return was suspicious and a few offered that pest control companies kill most but not all in order to stay in business. After all, what would happen if they really did exterminate all the roaches? They wouldn't have a job, that's what! Students reasoned that exterminators knowingly spare a few critters in order that their services will be needed and therefore called upon in the future. It's a delicate balance. On the one hand, this produced a fair amount of hilarity in my classroom. On the other hand, it shows a deep-seated mistrust towards others that was most likely fostered by their past experiences living in a society with rampant corruption.

 Later, it was reasoned that cockroaches in the apartment do not constitute an emergency- something some people I know might disagree with. "I suppose it depends on how many. What is you have an infestation?" I suggested. The student leading this discussion shrugged. Clearly, this was a first world comfort. In the context of the letter and comprehension question, it was true. One should not call the emergency maintenance number for pest control; one should call the pest control company. However, I thought that perhaps some students could have interpreted this as an urgent matter leading to the confusion. This was not the case.

The correct answer was c) there is no hot water . This was again met with some disagreement. "What about a leaky faucet?" Some students seemed to be more concerned with waste of water (aka money) or out-of-control water leakage than having hot water. Again, this question perhaps reflects a first world perspective on comfort but it is also the landlord's responsibility to provide hot water to the tenant. In the District of Columbia it is in the housing code, so "it's actually the law", I explained.

As an aside, it's interesting to note that the garbage disposal was immediately dismissed as a superfluous modern convenience.

Students acquiesced to my explanations but I'm glad they were able to express their perspectives. This discussion sheds light not only on cultural biases in comprehension questions, but also why immigrants sometimes run into disagreements with landlords.











Thursday, January 26, 2012

Materials Share: How to Read a Warranty

This is an activity I wrote for the life skills objective, "Students will be able to read and interpret a warranty."


Unfortunately, language learners abroad are often the victims dishonest business practices whether you're a vacationer given an "adjusted" menu or an immigrant who is refused a refund for a defective product.


Knowledge is power and in this case, a tool for social justice. If students have the ability to describe the problem and the ability to read about and interpret his/her consumer rights, perhaps he/she will be less likely to be the victim of dishonest business practices.
________________________________________________________


Level: Pre-intermediate/Intermediate/ Advanced


Objectives/Students will be able to:


-use appropriate vocabulary to describe defective products
-read and interpret a warranty
-identify clauses, conditions, and limitations of a warranty


Pre-Activities/Materials
It may be necessary to ease into this activity. The vocabulary is quite challenging for English Learners.
Some supplemental materials include:


-Side By Side Book 3 Plus (Returning a defective product)
-A Conversation Book 2: English in Everyday Life   (Returns and Exchanges)
-Workplace Plus (Unit 3-What is a warranty?)
-Lifeskills 3 (Reading a Warranty)
 
Task Chain:

This is a role-play conversation activity. Students take turns being the customer and the customer service representative. Students should determine from the corresponding sample warranty whether or not the customer should get a refund or repair service.





Role-play 1

Person A: You have owned the carpet for 4 years. You spilled some juice on the carpet and want the carpet company to fix it or replace it. Go to the carpet store and talk to the salesperson.

Person B: You work for the carpet company. You have to speak with Person A (the customer) and explain what services are available based on the warranty.



Role-play 2

Person A: You have owned the hearing aid for 20 years and you want the newest model. The one you have is working fine but it’s big and you want a smaller one. Besides, you think 20 years is enough; it’s time for a new one! Call the hearing aid company.

Person B: You work in customer service for the hearing aid company. You have to speak with Person A (the customer) and explain what services are available based on the warranty.



Role-play 3

Person A: You have owned your washer machine for 2 and a half years and you’ve recently noticed that it’s not cleaning the clothes as well as it used too. Call the washer machine company to ask what you should do.

Person B: You work in customer service for the washer machine company. You have to speak with Person A (the customer) and explain what services are available based on the warranty.

Role-play 4

Person A: The tires on your car are starting to look old. You’ve had a mechanic look at it and he said the front two tires are about 19 % worn out and the rear (back) two are almost 30%. The tires are almost new. You decide to call the tire company to get your money back.

Person B: You’re a customer service representative for the tire company. You have to speak with Person A (the customer) and explain what services are available based on the warranty.





Warranties: Examples of Full Warranties, Limited Warranties, and Multiple Warranties







Counterpoint Carpet Corp.
What is Covered
This warranty covers any defects in materials or workmanship, including installation, with the exceptions stated below.
How Long Coverage Lasts
This warranty runs for five years from the date your carpet is installed.
What is not covered
This warranty does not cover fading or discoloration caused by exposure to sunlight or chemicals such as ammonia, laundry detergent, or household bleach. (For information on how to prevent fading or discoloration, consult our manual "Care Tips From Counterpoint Carpet," available free from your Counterpoint dealer.)
What Counterpoint Will Do
Counterpoint will repair any carpet that proves to be defective in materials or workmanship. In the event repair is not possible, Counterpoint will either replace your carpet with new carpet of similar composition and price, or refund the full purchase price of your carpet, whichever you prefer.
How To Get Service
Contact any Counterpoint dealer, listed in the Yellow Pages under "Carpet,"or contact Counterpoint at 800-987-6543. A service representative will come to your home and take any necessary action to correct problems covered by this warranty.
How State Law Applies
This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state.











Magnifisound Corporation
Limited Warranty
What Does This Warranty Cover?
This warranty covers any defects or malfunctions in your new Magnifisound hearing aid.
How Long Does The Coverage Last?
This warranty lasts as long as you own your Magnifisound aid. Coverage terminates if you sell or otherwise transfer the aid.
What Will Magnifisound Do?
Magnifisound will replace any defective or malfunctioning part at no charge. You must pay any labor charges.
What Does This Warranty Not Cover?
Batteries, or any problem that is caused by abuse, misuse, or an act of God (such as a flood) are not covered. Also, consequential and incidental damages are not recoverable under this warranty. Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitation or exclusion may not apply to you.
How Do You Get Service?
In order to be eligible for service under this warranty you must return the warranty registration card attached below within 30 days of purchasing the aid.
If something goes wrong with your aid, send it postage paid with a brief written description of the problem to:
Magnifisound Corp.
Box 10000
Auditory, Ohio
We will inspect your aid and contact you within 72 hours to give the results of our inspection and an estimate of the labor charges required to fix the aid. If you authorize repairs, we will return the repaired aid to you COD within 72 hours. You must pay any labor charges upon receipt of the repaired aid.
If you inform us that you wish us to provide necessary parts to you but you wish to have repairs performed elsewhere, we will return the aid and replacement parts to you within 72 hours.
There is no charge for inspection.
How Does State Law Apply?
This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state.

 

















Full Two Year Warranty on
The Black Star 2001
Clothes Washer
What is covered: Any defect in your 2001 Clothes Washer.
For How Long: Two years after the date you bought your 2001 Clothes Washer.
What Black Star Will Do: Repair, or if repair is not possible, either replace your 2001 Clothes Washer, or refund the purchase price, whichever you prefer.
Limited Warranty on Parts for the
Third through Fifth Years
What is covered: Any defect in your 2001 Clothes Washer.
For How Long: From the start of the third year after you bought your 2001 Clothes Washer until the end of the fifth year.
What Black Star Will Do: Provide free new or rebuilt replacement parts, but not labor to install the parts. Any servicer you choose can do service during this period.
How to Get Service: Contact any Black Star Dealer or any Authorized Black Star Service Center. See the Yellow Pages under "Appliance Repair" for the name of a Black Star Servicer near you, or call 800-xxx-xxxx.
Your Rights Under State Law: This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state.

 













Treadwell Tire
Full Warranty During First 20%
of Usable Tread Life
If a defect in materials or workmanship appears in your Treadwell Tire before 20% of the tread is worn away, Treadwell Corporation will provide, at your choice, either free replacement of the same model number Treadwell Tire or a complete refund of the original purchase price.
Limited Warranty During Remaining
80% of Usable Tread Life
If a defect in, materials or workmanship appears in your Treadwell Tire after 20% of the tread is worn away and before the remainder of the tread is worn away, Treadwell Corporation will provide you with a credit good for the purchase of any Treadwell Tire of the same model number. The credit will drop by 10% of the original purchase price for each additional 10% of the tread that is worn away when the defect appears.
How to Get Service
Just bring the defective tire to any Treadwell Dealer. The address of the dealer near you is listed on the other side of this document
How State Law Relates to this Warranty
This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state.



 

Tuesday, January 17, 2012

Student Questions: Using the Present to talk about the Future?

"Student Questions" is a feature in which I share a student question and the readers try to guess both the answer and the significance of the students' questions.


Student: "I was on the Metro yesterday and I heard a lady say, 'I'm getting off at the next stop'" (confused expression)


Why was this ESL student asking me this? Why was she confused?


Please comment with your theories below and I will reply on Wednesday.


                     UPDATE:


 Short Answer: It's a Present Continuous question.


Long answer: For this student, the word "next" meant the future so why was this woman using the Present Continuous? At her level, she had only learned that Present Continuous is used for describing an action that is taking place right now (which is different from Present Simple, for regular or habitual activities).


Example: I am eating breakfast (Right now, Present Continuous)
Example: I eat usually breakfast. (Habit, Present Simple.)


Confusingly enough though, Present Continuous and Present Simple can be used to talk about the future.


Consider the following conversation between friends:


Tom: Hey, Julie! What are you doing this weekend?
Julie: I'm going to a concert this Saturday. Want to come?
Tom: Sure, who's playing.....


The speakers are using Present Continuous to discuss plans that a) have been made prior to talking b) imminent or nearly 100% sure to happen.  


Suggested classroom activities: 


1) Have students read and practice a similar conversation. Interchange 2 Ch. 15 has a good example.
2) Have the students observe a) what are they talking about? (plans) b) what tense are they using? (Present Continuous )


3) Ask students to share what's in their planner for the coming weekend.


4) Ask student to find a partner. Give students an A schedule grid and a B schedule grid. Give each student  a list of activities (anything: going to the circus, having lunch with grandma, skiing in the Alps) The two schedule grids should have different gaps open but some of the same.


Example conversation:


A) What are you doing on Saturday at 5pm?
B) Sorry, I'm going to the circus.
A) Are you busy on Sunday at noon?
B) Nope, I'm having lunch with my grandma.
A) When are you free?
B) I'm not doing anything Sunday night. Want to hang out then?
A) Yes, that'll* work for me.


*Notice that the plan has become less sure with use of "will"




Wait, what about Present Simple?




USE 3 [Public] Scheduled Events in the Near Future



Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.

Examples:
  • The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
  • The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.
  • When do we board the plane?
  • The party starts at 8 o'clock.
  • When does class begin tomorrow?


Other events include performances (plays, concerts), parades, lectures, presentations, debates, movies, protests, speeches, etc.




We can see that the seemingly elementary aspects of grammar, have subtle features and often multiple uses. 



Wednesday, January 11, 2012

A creative twist on post-holiday writing assignment


"Please write a paragraph about your summer vacation" 

"What did you do over your winter break?"

Yawn. This is so predictable and cliché it's featured in classroom scenes in movies and television.

Here is a way to spice it up.


Since writing is meant to be read, it is important to connect the two ideas. The students are not writing for the sake of writing; they are writing to convey an idea or feeling to the reader. Language does not occur in isolation and it is essentially a communicative act. The following keeps these principals in mind.

Lesson Plan:

Level: This could work for any level. My students were advanced.
Materials: paper and pen. Imagination.
Target vocabulary: the 5 senses

Students will be able to:

  • describe a specific scene from over their holiday break
  • read each others' stories (optional: and give feedback)
  • use imagery, sensory details to create a scene

Task Chain:

  1. Write the following on the board for students to discuss: “How is reading a book different from watching a movie?”

  2. Ask the students which senses are activated while watching a movie versus reading a book.

  3. The idea is that movies usually only activates hearing and sight but books have the potential to allow the reader to imagine touch, smell and taste as well.

  4. Ask the students to think about a sensory experience. Think about what things looked like, smelled like, tasted like, felt like, sounded like. Put the reader there. Do not begin with, “On my winter break I went to NYC.” Rather start the scene as with a movie: “We were standing in Times Square and lights were flashing everywhere. A river of people flowed around us.”

  5. Let the students write.

  6. I free-wrote an example with them:

The sun was magnified through the windshield. The road was a long expanse in front of the us. The bus was engulfing the boundless hills. The sun warmed my face, pleasant at first, but then slightly uncomfortable, making beads of sweat emerge around my hairline. I shifted in my seat. One of the earbuds fell from my ear. I retrieved it and resumed the audiobook I had been listening to. Despite riding through rural Virginia, where the only radio sections available are country western, gospel and contemporary christian from the 90s, I am transported to Brooklyn, NY, where my sarcastic, hyperbolic narrator recounts his adventures owning an urban convenience store.
  1. What are the senses that I experienced? Did you experience them with me? Where was I transported? How? How was it different from where I was? Here, the students see an example of a) putting a reader in the scene b) describing how a certain situation felt c) the contrast of an rural bus ride and an urban deli d) how writing transports the reader- on two levels: the students reading about my bus ride and how the protagonist (me) was transported by reading. You might want to write your own example.

  2. Have the students share their writing in a reading chain. The teacher participates in the reading chain. Teacher may want to use the reading chain as an opportunity to check or make corrections to writing as it comes to her. This way the students are otherwise engaged instead of checking students individually and while students wait idly for the teacher. If corrections are made, make sure to comment on the content of the writing. Writing is mean to convey a message; comment on the message the student is trying to make. Conversely, teachers may want to refrain from making corrections if this is a warm-up activity or if the students are inhibited about their writing. (Alternative exercise: gallery walk: Students post writing on the wall and students read in as if in an art museum.)

  3. Depending on the writing samples and students' confidence level, teacher may lead a discussion about the pieces read: Which pieces do you like the most? Which ones made you feel like you were there in the scene? Etc.

  4. Have fun! Adapt to your students' needs!