Monday, April 30, 2012

Lunch with the World- Day 1


I recently accepted a position to teach a class of low-beginning refugees for a refugee resettlement agency in partnership with a local community college in suburban Maryland. The class is held in a library not far from the complex where most, (if not all) the refugees live. The class meets Monday, Wednesday, Friday from 10am to 1pm.

The meeting room where the class takes place is a public space in a library. The library maintains that the room must be left essentially untouched or empty; save tables, chairs, and trash can. This means teachers and students can not leave anything on the walls. The room is therefore quite sterile. There is, however, a sizable window which provides the room with sufficient natural light, off-setting the cold institutional atmosphere.

Resources and materials may be kept in a side closet which is full of roll-y carts, a desk podium, stacks of paper, fans, and other discarded library items. The teacher(s) may use two of the shelves closest to the door, next to a lumpy cardboard box full of ratty and love-stained toys. On the shelf, there are piles of books and workbooks for in-class use, although I'm doubtful that all my students can use them. There is a large tupperware bin full of paper and flashcards that needs to be organized. There is an old plastic pen box labeled, “dry erase” that is empty and the hinges have come undone. There are some dull number twos, smudged gray. And there is a CD-radio. This looks fine.

I scrounge for some paper and uncover a packet of construction paper. Some of it has clearly been used to occupy children of the students; there are thick marker lines written with an unsteady hand littering the back sides of several of the papers. I have the students fold the paper to make name tags that can be propped up on the conference- style table we are sitting around . On one side they write their names. On the other side they draw or write three things they enjoy. Then the students share the information with the class:

Student: My name is Tim*. I like to read. I like English. I like to cook
Teacher: What's his name?
Students: His name is Tim.
Teacher: What does he like?
Students: He likes to read. He likes English. He likes to cook


This activity takes up a rather long time with several errors, indicating the students' low proficiency.

We go over the date and the confusing order of things in the US (month, day, year - april 30th 2012- 4/30/2012, instead of day, month, year 30/4/12). The student laugh as if to agree that America is indeed a strange, strange place.

Then we move on to another speaking activity. As a primer, we review the vocabulary, which are verbs, that have explanatory pictures. “sell” is one of the words. The students explain the difference between, “buy” and “sell”. I role-play selling a pen to one student. I joke by pretending to bargain with him. The students laugh. I ask them if it is ok to bargain in the US. Some think about it. Some students add that it's not ok at the grocery store. Another student remembers the phrase, “fixed price.”


The students practice a dialogue on the next page.

Now it's break time, I'm informed by a student. This was the time the other teacher always did it. Then, two students have to leave for work. Another student has forgotten her glasses so maybe she should go home now. Another student would like to go home with her preschooler, who has been incredibly patient, silently drawing as his mother sits in class. Also, a couple in the class has an appointment with a case manager. Then, a man comes in. He rather urgently shows me a government notification. It says that failure to come to such and such appointment (that happened two weeks ago) would result in a termination some kind of temporary financial assistance. He shows me the envelop that has a yellow label on it that indicates that it was initially sent to the wrong address. He just received it last week. He leaves with his wife, who is in the class. The lady without the glasses (although she may not be able to read with them) tells me that she was essentially orphaned or abandoned as a child with “no one to take care of me” so she didn't go to school, but she wants to learn now.

An hour left of class, I sit down with the two students left. It is apparent that one has trouble writing full sentences but he can still communicate the time of day and basic vocabulary for routine ( wake up, eat breakfast, etc). The other student has trouble reading the time and copying basic words.

One thing becomes apparent: These students, especially unemployed and stuck in Maryland suburbia, spend a lot of time watching TV.

We end early. They are tired from all that English work. There is so much more to come, so much more to come.






*pseudonym

Wednesday, April 25, 2012

Linguistics in the News- Why Learn Another Language?

The reasons are numerous and backed by scads of research. The American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages highlights several of these reasons and studies.  In summary, students of foreign or additional languages perform better in school, have increased cognitive abilities, and develop positive attitudes towards others.

There has long been a senseless debate in the Unites States about bilingual versus English-only policies*. From a linguistic, educational, and developmental standpoint, monolingualism only shortchanges students.

The public media seem to be recognizing this fact.

Last month, the New York Times published an article about The Benefits of Bilingualism. The article details the cognitive advantages of speaking another language listing improved problem-solving skills,  increased ability to manage multiple tasks, heightened spatial awareness, and delayed onset of dementia.

Today, http://arstechnica.com/ published an article about how Thinking in foreign language makes decisions more rational. The article explains how several studies demonstrate that when choices were presented in a foreign language, participants were less likely to let irrational emotions interfere. Those observed ended up deliberating more with an outcome of overall better decisions.  To sum, "The researchers believe a second language provides a useful cognitive distance from automatic processes, promoting analytical thought and reducing unthinking, emotional reaction."

The data assures it: go ahead and start learning today.




                                                                View larger image here




*I'd like to note that English-only policies outside of the educational context a) violate Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (according to the Supreme Court, language-based discrimination equates with national origin discrimination) and b) erroneously assumes that immigrants are unwilling to learn English. According to this policy brief, only 5% of adult immigrants in the US do not speak English or do not speak English well meaning that over 95% of adult immigrants in the US speak English to some degree ranging from some to very well.



Wednesday, April 18, 2012

Linguistics In The News- What Makes A Movie Quote Memorable?


"The memorable lines use a combination of the present tense, general syntax, and indefinite articles"
You can hear about or read about the whole story here on NPR's show, All Things Considered.

Student Perspectives- That's not an emergency.

In my evening class, we have begun to discuss tenants' right and responsibilities. The students read a letter  supposedly written to tenants from an imaginary apartment complex. The exercise was from Side by Side Plus Book 3. In the letter, management requests that tenants fill out a maintenance request form for "routine maintenance" and only call the maintenance number for urgent situations.  One of the comprehension questions read as follows:

4. Which of the following situations should a tenant NOT call (310) 555-2135?

a) There are cockroaches in the apartment.
b) The garbage disposal is broken.
c) There is no hot water.
d) The faucet is leaky.

There was some confusion and disagreement about this.  First of all, a colorful discussion about pest control issues arose. Everyone seemed to be able to commiserate, some incredulously; "This is the city life in America". The most interesting hypothesis offered was a conspiracy theory regarding exterminators. Several students agreed that cockroaches' ability to survive and return was suspicious and a few offered that pest control companies kill most but not all in order to stay in business. After all, what would happen if they really did exterminate all the roaches? They wouldn't have a job, that's what! Students reasoned that exterminators knowingly spare a few critters in order that their services will be needed and therefore called upon in the future. It's a delicate balance. On the one hand, this produced a fair amount of hilarity in my classroom. On the other hand, it shows a deep-seated mistrust towards others that was most likely fostered by their past experiences living in a society with rampant corruption.

 Later, it was reasoned that cockroaches in the apartment do not constitute an emergency- something some people I know might disagree with. "I suppose it depends on how many. What is you have an infestation?" I suggested. The student leading this discussion shrugged. Clearly, this was a first world comfort. In the context of the letter and comprehension question, it was true. One should not call the emergency maintenance number for pest control; one should call the pest control company. However, I thought that perhaps some students could have interpreted this as an urgent matter leading to the confusion. This was not the case.

The correct answer was c) there is no hot water . This was again met with some disagreement. "What about a leaky faucet?" Some students seemed to be more concerned with waste of water (aka money) or out-of-control water leakage than having hot water. Again, this question perhaps reflects a first world perspective on comfort but it is also the landlord's responsibility to provide hot water to the tenant. In the District of Columbia it is in the housing code, so "it's actually the law", I explained.

As an aside, it's interesting to note that the garbage disposal was immediately dismissed as a superfluous modern convenience.

Students acquiesced to my explanations but I'm glad they were able to express their perspectives. This discussion sheds light not only on cultural biases in comprehension questions, but also why immigrants sometimes run into disagreements with landlords.











Thursday, January 26, 2012

Materials Share: How to Read a Warranty

This is an activity I wrote for the life skills objective, "Students will be able to read and interpret a warranty."


Unfortunately, language learners abroad are often the victims dishonest business practices whether you're a vacationer given an "adjusted" menu or an immigrant who is refused a refund for a defective product.


Knowledge is power and in this case, a tool for social justice. If students have the ability to describe the problem and the ability to read about and interpret his/her consumer rights, perhaps he/she will be less likely to be the victim of dishonest business practices.
________________________________________________________


Level: Pre-intermediate/Intermediate/ Advanced


Objectives/Students will be able to:


-use appropriate vocabulary to describe defective products
-read and interpret a warranty
-identify clauses, conditions, and limitations of a warranty


Pre-Activities/Materials
It may be necessary to ease into this activity. The vocabulary is quite challenging for English Learners.
Some supplemental materials include:


-Side By Side Book 3 Plus (Returning a defective product)
-A Conversation Book 2: English in Everyday Life   (Returns and Exchanges)
-Workplace Plus (Unit 3-What is a warranty?)
-Lifeskills 3 (Reading a Warranty)
 
Task Chain:

This is a role-play conversation activity. Students take turns being the customer and the customer service representative. Students should determine from the corresponding sample warranty whether or not the customer should get a refund or repair service.





Role-play 1

Person A: You have owned the carpet for 4 years. You spilled some juice on the carpet and want the carpet company to fix it or replace it. Go to the carpet store and talk to the salesperson.

Person B: You work for the carpet company. You have to speak with Person A (the customer) and explain what services are available based on the warranty.



Role-play 2

Person A: You have owned the hearing aid for 20 years and you want the newest model. The one you have is working fine but it’s big and you want a smaller one. Besides, you think 20 years is enough; it’s time for a new one! Call the hearing aid company.

Person B: You work in customer service for the hearing aid company. You have to speak with Person A (the customer) and explain what services are available based on the warranty.



Role-play 3

Person A: You have owned your washer machine for 2 and a half years and you’ve recently noticed that it’s not cleaning the clothes as well as it used too. Call the washer machine company to ask what you should do.

Person B: You work in customer service for the washer machine company. You have to speak with Person A (the customer) and explain what services are available based on the warranty.

Role-play 4

Person A: The tires on your car are starting to look old. You’ve had a mechanic look at it and he said the front two tires are about 19 % worn out and the rear (back) two are almost 30%. The tires are almost new. You decide to call the tire company to get your money back.

Person B: You’re a customer service representative for the tire company. You have to speak with Person A (the customer) and explain what services are available based on the warranty.





Warranties: Examples of Full Warranties, Limited Warranties, and Multiple Warranties







Counterpoint Carpet Corp.
What is Covered
This warranty covers any defects in materials or workmanship, including installation, with the exceptions stated below.
How Long Coverage Lasts
This warranty runs for five years from the date your carpet is installed.
What is not covered
This warranty does not cover fading or discoloration caused by exposure to sunlight or chemicals such as ammonia, laundry detergent, or household bleach. (For information on how to prevent fading or discoloration, consult our manual "Care Tips From Counterpoint Carpet," available free from your Counterpoint dealer.)
What Counterpoint Will Do
Counterpoint will repair any carpet that proves to be defective in materials or workmanship. In the event repair is not possible, Counterpoint will either replace your carpet with new carpet of similar composition and price, or refund the full purchase price of your carpet, whichever you prefer.
How To Get Service
Contact any Counterpoint dealer, listed in the Yellow Pages under "Carpet,"or contact Counterpoint at 800-987-6543. A service representative will come to your home and take any necessary action to correct problems covered by this warranty.
How State Law Applies
This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state.











Magnifisound Corporation
Limited Warranty
What Does This Warranty Cover?
This warranty covers any defects or malfunctions in your new Magnifisound hearing aid.
How Long Does The Coverage Last?
This warranty lasts as long as you own your Magnifisound aid. Coverage terminates if you sell or otherwise transfer the aid.
What Will Magnifisound Do?
Magnifisound will replace any defective or malfunctioning part at no charge. You must pay any labor charges.
What Does This Warranty Not Cover?
Batteries, or any problem that is caused by abuse, misuse, or an act of God (such as a flood) are not covered. Also, consequential and incidental damages are not recoverable under this warranty. Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitation or exclusion may not apply to you.
How Do You Get Service?
In order to be eligible for service under this warranty you must return the warranty registration card attached below within 30 days of purchasing the aid.
If something goes wrong with your aid, send it postage paid with a brief written description of the problem to:
Magnifisound Corp.
Box 10000
Auditory, Ohio
We will inspect your aid and contact you within 72 hours to give the results of our inspection and an estimate of the labor charges required to fix the aid. If you authorize repairs, we will return the repaired aid to you COD within 72 hours. You must pay any labor charges upon receipt of the repaired aid.
If you inform us that you wish us to provide necessary parts to you but you wish to have repairs performed elsewhere, we will return the aid and replacement parts to you within 72 hours.
There is no charge for inspection.
How Does State Law Apply?
This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state.

 

















Full Two Year Warranty on
The Black Star 2001
Clothes Washer
What is covered: Any defect in your 2001 Clothes Washer.
For How Long: Two years after the date you bought your 2001 Clothes Washer.
What Black Star Will Do: Repair, or if repair is not possible, either replace your 2001 Clothes Washer, or refund the purchase price, whichever you prefer.
Limited Warranty on Parts for the
Third through Fifth Years
What is covered: Any defect in your 2001 Clothes Washer.
For How Long: From the start of the third year after you bought your 2001 Clothes Washer until the end of the fifth year.
What Black Star Will Do: Provide free new or rebuilt replacement parts, but not labor to install the parts. Any servicer you choose can do service during this period.
How to Get Service: Contact any Black Star Dealer or any Authorized Black Star Service Center. See the Yellow Pages under "Appliance Repair" for the name of a Black Star Servicer near you, or call 800-xxx-xxxx.
Your Rights Under State Law: This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state.

 













Treadwell Tire
Full Warranty During First 20%
of Usable Tread Life
If a defect in materials or workmanship appears in your Treadwell Tire before 20% of the tread is worn away, Treadwell Corporation will provide, at your choice, either free replacement of the same model number Treadwell Tire or a complete refund of the original purchase price.
Limited Warranty During Remaining
80% of Usable Tread Life
If a defect in, materials or workmanship appears in your Treadwell Tire after 20% of the tread is worn away and before the remainder of the tread is worn away, Treadwell Corporation will provide you with a credit good for the purchase of any Treadwell Tire of the same model number. The credit will drop by 10% of the original purchase price for each additional 10% of the tread that is worn away when the defect appears.
How to Get Service
Just bring the defective tire to any Treadwell Dealer. The address of the dealer near you is listed on the other side of this document
How State Law Relates to this Warranty
This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state.



 

Tuesday, January 17, 2012

Student Questions: Using the Present to talk about the Future?

"Student Questions" is a feature in which I share a student question and the readers try to guess both the answer and the significance of the students' questions.


Student: "I was on the Metro yesterday and I heard a lady say, 'I'm getting off at the next stop'" (confused expression)


Why was this ESL student asking me this? Why was she confused?


Please comment with your theories below and I will reply on Wednesday.


                     UPDATE:


 Short Answer: It's a Present Continuous question.


Long answer: For this student, the word "next" meant the future so why was this woman using the Present Continuous? At her level, she had only learned that Present Continuous is used for describing an action that is taking place right now (which is different from Present Simple, for regular or habitual activities).


Example: I am eating breakfast (Right now, Present Continuous)
Example: I eat usually breakfast. (Habit, Present Simple.)


Confusingly enough though, Present Continuous and Present Simple can be used to talk about the future.


Consider the following conversation between friends:


Tom: Hey, Julie! What are you doing this weekend?
Julie: I'm going to a concert this Saturday. Want to come?
Tom: Sure, who's playing.....


The speakers are using Present Continuous to discuss plans that a) have been made prior to talking b) imminent or nearly 100% sure to happen.  


Suggested classroom activities: 


1) Have students read and practice a similar conversation. Interchange 2 Ch. 15 has a good example.
2) Have the students observe a) what are they talking about? (plans) b) what tense are they using? (Present Continuous )


3) Ask students to share what's in their planner for the coming weekend.


4) Ask student to find a partner. Give students an A schedule grid and a B schedule grid. Give each student  a list of activities (anything: going to the circus, having lunch with grandma, skiing in the Alps) The two schedule grids should have different gaps open but some of the same.


Example conversation:


A) What are you doing on Saturday at 5pm?
B) Sorry, I'm going to the circus.
A) Are you busy on Sunday at noon?
B) Nope, I'm having lunch with my grandma.
A) When are you free?
B) I'm not doing anything Sunday night. Want to hang out then?
A) Yes, that'll* work for me.


*Notice that the plan has become less sure with use of "will"




Wait, what about Present Simple?




USE 3 [Public] Scheduled Events in the Near Future



Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.

Examples:
  • The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
  • The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.
  • When do we board the plane?
  • The party starts at 8 o'clock.
  • When does class begin tomorrow?


Other events include performances (plays, concerts), parades, lectures, presentations, debates, movies, protests, speeches, etc.




We can see that the seemingly elementary aspects of grammar, have subtle features and often multiple uses. 



Wednesday, January 11, 2012

A creative twist on post-holiday writing assignment


"Please write a paragraph about your summer vacation" 

"What did you do over your winter break?"

Yawn. This is so predictable and cliché it's featured in classroom scenes in movies and television.

Here is a way to spice it up.


Since writing is meant to be read, it is important to connect the two ideas. The students are not writing for the sake of writing; they are writing to convey an idea or feeling to the reader. Language does not occur in isolation and it is essentially a communicative act. The following keeps these principals in mind.

Lesson Plan:

Level: This could work for any level. My students were advanced.
Materials: paper and pen. Imagination.
Target vocabulary: the 5 senses

Students will be able to:

  • describe a specific scene from over their holiday break
  • read each others' stories (optional: and give feedback)
  • use imagery, sensory details to create a scene

Task Chain:

  1. Write the following on the board for students to discuss: “How is reading a book different from watching a movie?”

  2. Ask the students which senses are activated while watching a movie versus reading a book.

  3. The idea is that movies usually only activates hearing and sight but books have the potential to allow the reader to imagine touch, smell and taste as well.

  4. Ask the students to think about a sensory experience. Think about what things looked like, smelled like, tasted like, felt like, sounded like. Put the reader there. Do not begin with, “On my winter break I went to NYC.” Rather start the scene as with a movie: “We were standing in Times Square and lights were flashing everywhere. A river of people flowed around us.”

  5. Let the students write.

  6. I free-wrote an example with them:

The sun was magnified through the windshield. The road was a long expanse in front of the us. The bus was engulfing the boundless hills. The sun warmed my face, pleasant at first, but then slightly uncomfortable, making beads of sweat emerge around my hairline. I shifted in my seat. One of the earbuds fell from my ear. I retrieved it and resumed the audiobook I had been listening to. Despite riding through rural Virginia, where the only radio sections available are country western, gospel and contemporary christian from the 90s, I am transported to Brooklyn, NY, where my sarcastic, hyperbolic narrator recounts his adventures owning an urban convenience store.
  1. What are the senses that I experienced? Did you experience them with me? Where was I transported? How? How was it different from where I was? Here, the students see an example of a) putting a reader in the scene b) describing how a certain situation felt c) the contrast of an rural bus ride and an urban deli d) how writing transports the reader- on two levels: the students reading about my bus ride and how the protagonist (me) was transported by reading. You might want to write your own example.

  2. Have the students share their writing in a reading chain. The teacher participates in the reading chain. Teacher may want to use the reading chain as an opportunity to check or make corrections to writing as it comes to her. This way the students are otherwise engaged instead of checking students individually and while students wait idly for the teacher. If corrections are made, make sure to comment on the content of the writing. Writing is mean to convey a message; comment on the message the student is trying to make. Conversely, teachers may want to refrain from making corrections if this is a warm-up activity or if the students are inhibited about their writing. (Alternative exercise: gallery walk: Students post writing on the wall and students read in as if in an art museum.)

  3. Depending on the writing samples and students' confidence level, teacher may lead a discussion about the pieces read: Which pieces do you like the most? Which ones made you feel like you were there in the scene? Etc.

  4. Have fun! Adapt to your students' needs!

Monday, September 12, 2011

Conversation Partners Program/ Volunteers in the language classroom

Last semester I tired to get a conversation partner program going for my students; the rationale being that my adult students get little to no practice speaking English outside of class and very few of them have English-speaking or US American friends.

Therefore, in order to facilitate genuine English conversation, cultural orientation and friendship, I attempted to match volunteers with students. In order to abide by our school’s non-disclosure policy, I gave the students the volunteers’ contact information (and not vice versa) and the students were given the responsibility to contact potential conversation partners.

This basically didn’t work because the students did not contact the conversation partner volunteers either because they were too shy or they just didn't have time.

This semester I’m trying a new approach. I am inviting the volunteers to come to my class to have a sort of discussion night or “English Party” as I’m calling it. This way there is less pressure and the students can pursue more time outside of class with someone they've already met. Also, those who simply do not have time to meet a volunteer outside of class have at least the opportunity to engage in English conversation once a month in class.

This will be an informal gathering, maybe with snacks. Students need unstructured English with native or near-native speakers. This will not be tutoring, rather an evening of conversation. Volunteers do not need any prior teaching or language experience to volunteer. This is an opportunity for students to engage in natural and genuine conversation with Americans and speakers of English. I will have conversation starters ready if the students and volunteers don’t know where to start. If a student and a volunteer would like to meet outside of class for more language practice that remains a possibility and having met in class will hopefully facilitate more exchanges.

In order to collect data regarding the students’ normal English usage I will have the students take the following survey:



At the end of the semester the students will take a post/reflective survey to gauge the effectiveness of the program and measure the benefits of the volunteers’ participation.

This project is at the beginning stages and I will be tracking its progress here.

As a note to teachers of English abroad and teachers of other foreign languages, this sort of program is of course adaptable to your classroom.

More to follow.

The flow of traffic


During a professional development session, we watched a teaching demonstration. The purpose of the video was to demonstrate how to integrate drawings and personal or familial history into the ESL classroom. The primary activity was interesting but there was another strategy the teacher used in the video that I found more intriguing.

After giving directions for the following activity the teacher asked if the students understood by holding up cards of green, yellow, and read pieces of paper. The students then responded accordingly.


This mirrors a stop light;

Red: Stop. I don’t understand. Please repeat.

Yellow/Amber: Slow down. I understand a little. I need more examples or practice

Green: I understand. Keep going.

I made a traffic light like this one and posted it on the wall next to the main white board.



Then I cut out red, yellow, and green pieces of paper for the students to use in class.

The great advantage of this method is when there are different levels of proficiency and comprehension a verbal comprehension check is not sufficient. If you ask the class, “do you understand?” those with greater proficiency will answer, “yes” and those who still have questions may not get the chance to voice their concerns or may be too embarrassed to ask for more explanation.

This comprehension check method allows students to self-assess and equalizes the students’ feedback opportunities.

So, do you understand?

Give me the Green Light. 

Tuesday, February 15, 2011

First post as a teacher in Washington DC

I am now teaching at Carlos Rosario International Charter School. It is a very exciting opportunity. My students are from Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Venezuela, Ecuador, Brazil, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Togo, The Republic of Guinea, Morocco, and Vietnam. They are men and women aged 22 to 69 with a wide range of life stories and educational backgrounds. They are wonderful people and wonderful students.
...............................................................................................................

I found Pacaya (a kind of palm flower, not a volcano) at the International Food Mart. This is a traditional food in Guatemala. The cashier was from Mexico and she said she had no idea how to prepare them, “We don’t eat those”, she said but then she pointed out another cashier, “She’s from Guatemala…” This second cashier was more than happy to explain to me how to cook them and considering her enthusiasm for one of her national dishes, I was compelled to buy a jar- partly out of curiosity, and partly to show my interest in and appreciation of the cashier’s culture. Now I have a jar of pacaya palms in brine sitting in my kitchen. There are three students in my class from Guatemala. Today I’ll bring the jar to class and ask them to explain to their classmates the dish which I intend to attempt.

………..........................................................................

So the curriculum has computer literacy objectives for the students. It is the life skills aspect of the ESL/adult education class. This means that approximately once every two weeks a “technology teacher” comes to my class and leads the class in some kind of computer activity using student laptops. Last night was the first time that teacher came to class. An objective to the course is being able to read maps, give directions and use Google Maps. With respect to this objective, I have observed that there is a wide variety in capacity in the class. I have done a few map reading activities with them, including a map scavenger hunt in which students found specific information on maps around the room such as fellow students’ hometowns, the maps’ scales, and other information indicated in the legend. I also had them do this. Some students had no trouble finding the information during the scavenger hunt and completing the city map activity but others struggled and had difficulty identifying the scale, legends, and coordinates. Likewise, with the computer lesson, many students are familiar with Google Maps and were essentially bored for an hour and half while others needed assistance typing in a URL address.

Thursday, November 4, 2010

Tutoring Sam + North Korea Documentary

Please take the time to watch the National Geographic documentary on North Korea.



While Sam and I were looking at some pictures and what they could potentially be (Modals for logical conclusion) the word "cult" came up. He asked me what it meant and I said it was religious group who followed a person, then when I mentioned N. Korea; he understood immediately.

A few weeks later, I typed up some flashcards to review vocabulary and for memory or concentration games. On the flashcard "cult", I had, "religious group around a person".  He added "North Korea"

(Sam is from South Korea.)

Tuesday, October 26, 2010

Tutoring Sam - Frustrations


            A few weeks ago, I was concerned that my student was not getting enough opportunities to practice the English that he has been attempting to cram through rote memorization.  My week’s assignment for him was to find some activities or regular social encounters where he could meet a variety of people with whom he could chat. I sent him a fairly exhaustive e-mail with links and contact information for possibilities ranging from churches to on-campus interest groups.
            My concern has turned to frustration as he has not made any progress in this area and insists instead upon spending several isolated hours in a Starbucks, memorizing decontextualized phrases. I tried to explain to him, that even if you memorize an entire book, if you never use it in a meaningful way (i.e. in the context of a speech act), you might not internalize it and you may forget it (to which his previous educational experience can attest). I told him it didn’t have to be so difficult. He could learn more naturally and perhaps faster by spending time listening and interacting with English speakers. That is why he came to study here, is it not?  I can’t help but think that what he is doing now (attending English class, “studying” all day in a cafĂ©, and watching TV in English) is not terribly different from what he could be doing in Korea. Essentially, you could do these things (which are good) anywhere, but the language acquisition process would be increased exponentially through regular social interaction.
So, once again, I encouraged him to find speaking opportunities both on and off campus, “Learning English doesn’t have to be stressful, Sam. Try to think of things you enjoy doing. What do you like to do for fun? Just do those things in English- you’ll learn, you will and it will be much easier.”
I realize my student is very shy and not terribly secure with his language skills, but I think inactivity will just exacerbate stagnation. I sent him another e-mail with such suggestions as tennis club and http://www.meetup.com/. Learning through doing…and maybe even having fun?

Tuesday, October 19, 2010

Educational Liberalism


A fellow MAT student and ESOL teacher posted this video on Facebook:


There are several principals, that we were experientially taught at SIT; working in small and large groups, pairs, and alone (reflective writing); learning happens in collaboration and in community; heterogeneous classes (part of the richness of my graduate school experience was the fact that my classmates came from diverse backgrounds and brought a broad range of experience and perspective to the program); and finally, ideas such as Suggestopedia and the Ecological Approach address what Sir Ken Robinson mentions at the end of the video regarding the “culture…habits…and habitats” of institutions.


Upon further perusing of the Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce’s youtube channel, I viewed the following:


While the presentation is mainly intended for an audience concerned with economics and better management, I couldn’t help but see the parallels within education.


1. The suggestion that mangers and superiors should stop treating their employees like “smaller horses” is reminiscent of Freire’s objection to the “banking model”; i.e. the teacher, as sole possessor of higher knowledge, pours learning into the student as if the student were an empty receptacle awaiting fulfillment. bell hooks describes her disappointment in higher education; “ Most of my professors were not the slightest bit interested in enlightenment. More than anything they seemed enthralled by the exercise of power and authority within their mini-kingdom, the classroom.” She was later relieved to “encounter” Paulo Freire because she “needed to know that professors did not have to be dictators in the classroom.”

2. Autonomy: I have already addressed this topic in the previous post: Students need to be intrinsically motivated and given the freedom to explore and chart their own learning. This way they can better forge their own meaning making and the learning experience becomes more significant and genuine.

3. The main idea is that autonomy, creativity, and mastery trump artificial incentives (i.e. money). What are artificial incentives in education?  I propose grades.  SIT has a pass/fail system; you are thus given a greater latitude of responsibility for your performance (autonomy) and what you produce is solely a reflection of your intellectual processes (not necessarily an arbitrary outside assessment) so you are intrinsically motivated to show creativity and mastery. At least I was. Grades always presented a source of stress and outside pressure (extrinsic). While the Chancellor’s List was somewhat motivating, it was more about getting a gold star and less about the value about my education. It was an affirmation for hoop-jumping and perhaps more honestly, an excuse to compare myself with others.

At first I was resistant to the lack of grades, having experienced that educational framework for 16 years, but as I eased into new ways of thinking about my own learning, I had a sense of freedom. It was not freedom as in lack of responsibility or lack of accountability; I think these were in fact increased because my success was not a matter of “making an A” but of producing something meaningful with “purpose”. 

In addition to the pass/fail system instead of a graduated scale, SIT was anti-exam. That is not to say there was no formal assessment. We were assigned final papers, final projects, final presentations and take-home exams which we were required to self-correct and re-take, sometimes multiple times. Interestingly enough,  Harvard has recently decided to adopt a different policy regarding exams:

“Dean of undergraduate education Jay M. Harris … told the faculty that of 1,137 undergraduate-level courses this spring term, 259 scheduled finals—the lowest number since 2002, when 200 fewer courses were offered. For the more than 500 graduate-level courses offered, just 14 had finals, he reported.”  

As with any kind of progressive change, there will be opposition.

I find it ironic that Mr. Finn and Mr. Muldoon despite their criticism of Harvard’s decision acknowledge the possible pitfalls to exams:

            “Granted, testing is complicated. How to assess a semester’s worth of learning in 180 minutes? How to probe what one has learned during three years as a history major? How, simultaneously, to measure the accumulation of knowledge and the development of analytical skills and effective expression? How to distill course themes into challenging essay questions or problem sets, and how to grade them fairly?”

What’s more revealing is their apparent support for standardized testing, which is seen as a problematic aspect to public education by many.

Finally, I must disagree with the crux of their position:

“It was finals that forced us to think, to synthesize, to study, and to learn.”


No. Finals caused heightened stress and anxiety (Affective Filter) and generally forced me to memorize material only to subsequently forget the information with the relief of having finished and passed (like all the birth and death dates of Medieval French poets). True thought and synthesis occurred in the form of paper writing and project or presentation preparation; this was where I was pushed to form thoughtful connections between the material and other relevant ideas (Connectionism). It was with these connections that meaningful retention and thus true learning occurred.

Thursday, September 30, 2010

A-E-I-O-U....


Lots of teachers come up with mnemonic devices to help their students remember something important. (SQ3R, Roy G. Biv, or PEMDAS). Academics also conceive mnemonic devices or maybe more professionally regarded, “paradigms” (Dell Hymes’ speech act elements “SPEAKING” for example).

I’ve used mnemonic devices in classes; “FANOP” (Future, Ability, Necessity, Obligation, Possibility- the semantic purposes of modals) and MADS (the linguistic universals of Movement, Addition, Deletion, and Substitution).

Anyway, all this to say: I’d like to introduce a new mnemonic device for foreign language teachers using the 5 vowels, A-E-I-O-U.

A= autonomy
E=experiential
I=inductive
O=output
U=utility

Autonomy

Teachers should work towards student autonomy by enabling their students to learn independently. This means giving them the tools to continue their learning outside of the classroom as well as raising their awareness of their own learning in order to self evaluate. This stance reinforces the teacher’s job as a facilitator of learning rather than the sole provider of it. Teachers should provide the structures for students to learn more on their own and for them to discover what their i + 1s are.

Experiential

As in experiential learning; “the brain remembers what the brain does” (Todeva), Constructivism, connections between the known and the unknown, learning from doing etc. Creating experiences in which the student interacts with the material fosters learning. What does this look like in the foreign language classroom? This can be in the form of realia, group work, kinesthetic involvement, guest speakers, etc.


Inductive

Grammar and meaning can be induced with enough scaffolding and context. If the target language is meaningful, the meaning will become self-evident. This is similar to the previous two in that teaching inductively asks the student to be an active participant in his/her leaning and knowledge is acquired through discovery.

Output

If the teacher provides (although not exclusively) the input (target language), the student must provide the output (language production). This is a combination of Silent Way methods and Comprehensible output hypothesis. Again these elements are interrelated; the student, in practice becomes aware of his or her relative level and through meaningful use (experiencing), internalizes the new language elements.

Utility

Language is a means of communication and a system of meaning thus it should be taught as such. Teachers should ask themselves, “Are the target structures presented readily incorporable in my students’ lives or previous language learning experiences?” Essentially, can my students use this? Is this useful for communication, the conveying of information, and other linguistic purposes?

The Communicative Approach is all about Utility. Language is acquired through real life (meaningful and relevant) conversational scenarios.

The foreign language classroom is not the same as a linguistics course. Terminology such as “interdental fricative” is just jargony goobaly gook for the student whose learning goals include being able to write a memo in English for their job. The difference between /the/ and /threw/ should be taught in context.

Diane Larsen-Freeman emphasizes teaching grammar reasons not just grammar rules. That’s to say, “[the teacher has] to set up situations where the meaning and the use of these forms is transparent, is clear to learners.”  Again, utility is connected with inductive learning and student output.




“Okay”, you may be thinking, “AEIOU” but what about ‘and sometimes y’”? ; - ) The ‘y’ can be for, well, “why?”- Why are your students learning this language?  Why are you teaching the lesson this way? What are you students’ goals are what are yours?